Toxicity Studies of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Fermented Seeds of Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae) in Rats

Author(s): Coulibaly Seydou Ouolouho, Ouattara Abou, Ouattara Karamoko, Coulibaly Adama

Parkia biglobosa is a medicinal plant that is used in the traditional treatment of various pathologies. The fermented seeds of this plant « néré » are used commonly in the treatment of high blood pressure. In order to establish the safety of these, acute and subacute toxicity tests were performed. For this purpose, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined in rats after repeated dosing of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fermented seeds of P. biglobosa for 28 days. The resulting LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg bw and the extracts have no effect on most of the measured blood parameters. This study revealed that extracts of the fermented seeds of Parkia biglobosa are non-toxic at all doses tested and have immunostimulant and analgesic activity.

Parkia biglobosa, Toxicity, Blood Parameters, High Blood Pressure

1. Aubréville A., 1950. Flore forestiére soudano-guinéenne. A.O.F-CAMEROUN-AEF, 523p.
2. Arbonnier M., 2002. Arbuste et lianes de zones séches d’Afriques de l’Ouest. CIRAD. MNHN.IUCN, 573p.
3. Azokpota P., Houngbo H.Y., Akissoe N.H., 2011. Aptitude stabilisatrice des conservateurs traditionnels de l’afitin, un condiment africain à base de graines de néré (Parkia biglobosa Jack.P.Br). cah Agric 20 : 495, 494-499.
4. Bonnah H., Akikokou K. A., Akpagana K., Gbeassor M., 1998. Contribution à l’étude des propriétés pharmacologique des extraits hydro-alcooliques des graines de Parkia biglobosa. Sciences et Médecines, 00 : 12-15pp.
5. Builders M. I., Isichie C. O. et Aguiyi J. C., 2012. Toxicity Studies of the Extracts of Parkia biglobosa Stem Bark in Rats. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2(1) : 1–16.
6. Campbell-Platt G., 1980 African locust bean (Parkia species) and its wet African fermented food product, dawadawa. Ecology of food and Nutrition 9, 123-132.
7. Coulibaly S. O., Ouattara A., Ouattara K., Coulibaly A., 2017. Effets antihypertensifs des extraits aqueux et éthanolique des graines fermentées de Parkia biglobosa (Mmimosaceae) chez les rats. European Scientific Journal, 13(36) : 162-176.
8. Diawara B., Konaté J., Kanwe, 2004. Rapport d’activité : Formation des femmes en technologie améliorée de production du soumbala. PAMER. Ouagadougou. 18 p.
9. Diawara B., Sawadogo L., W. Amoa-Awua et M. Jakobsen., 1997. Valorisation technologique et nutritionnelle du néré ou Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) benth : une espéce agroforestiére. Ouagadougou, Burkina-Faso. 173 p.
10. Doumbia I. Q., Adebo I. B., Coulibaly G. F., Gue G. F., Djaman A. J., 2007. Variation du taux sérique de l’urée et créatinine chez des lapins traités par Mareya micrantha. Journal. Science of pharmacology and biology, 8 : 6-13.
11. Erakhrumen A., Ogunsanwo O. & Ajewole O., 2010. - Assessment of some other traditional uses of accepted agroforestry fuelwood species in Akinyele and Ido loca government areas, Oyo State, Nigeria. IJSF ; 3(1) : 47- 65.
12. Gutierrez M.L., Maizi P., Nago C.M., Hounhouigan D.J., 2000. Production et commercialisation de l’afitin dans la région d’Abomey-Bohicon au Bénin. Montpellier : CERNA, Cnearc, Cirad.
13. HAS, 2005b. - Service des recommandations professionnelles : Prise en charge des patients adultes atteints d’hypertension sanguine artérielle essentielle. Actualisation 2005. Paris, 26p. Accessible sur http://www.has-sante.fr. Consulté le 06 mai 2017.
14. Hilaly J.E., Israili Z.H. & Lyouss B., 2004. - Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuva iva in experimental animals. J. Ethnopharmacol., 91: 43-50.
15. Hodge A & Sterner B., 1943. - Determination of substances acute toxicity by LD50.B50. Amer. Industrial Hyg. Assoc., 10 :93-96.
16. Hopkins HC., 1983. The taxonomy reproductive biology and economic potential of Parkia (leguminosae : Mimosoideae) in Africa and Madagascar. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87 : 135-167pp.
17. Hopkins HC., 1986. Parkia (Leguminoseae : Mimosoideae). Flora Neotropica Monograph, 43 :1-124pp.
18. Hopkins HC., 1984. Floral biology and pollinisation ecology of the Neotropical species of Parkia. Journal of Ecology 72 : 1-23 pp.
19. Hopkins HC et White F., 1984. The ecology and chorology of Parkia in Africa. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique National de Belgique Bulletin National Plantentuin, 54 : 235-266 pp.
20. Jaffe M., 1886. - Ueber den Niederschlag welchen Pikrinsäure in normalen und über eine Harn erzeugt neue reaction Kreatinins. Z Physiol Chem, 10: 39 - 400.
21. Johnson D. W., Jones G. R., Mathew T. H., Ludlow M. J., Doogue M. P., Jose M. D., Langham R. G., Lawton P. D., McTaggart S. J., Peake M. J., Polkinghorne K. & Usherwood T., 2012. - Chronic kidney disease and automatic reporting of estimated glomerular filtration rate: new developments and revised recommendations. Med. J. Aust., 197 (4): 224-235.
22. Kanko F., Manh G.T., Kouadio F., Guingant A., Le Bizec B., N’Guessan Y.T., Pradere J-P., André F. 2000. Détermination structurale des composants extraits de Parkia biglobosa, Journal de la Société Ouest-Africaine de Chimie, 9 : 89-97.
23. Kouadio F., Kanko C., Juge M., Grimaud N., Jean A., N’Guessan.Y.T, Petit J.Y. 2000. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of an extrait from Parkia biglobosa used in traditionnal medecine in the Ivory Coast, Phytotherapy Research, 14 : 635-637.
24. Lawal I., Uzokwe N., Igboanugo A., Adio A., Awosan E., Nwogwugwu J., Faloye B., Olatunji B. & Adesoza A ; 2010. - Ethnomedicinal information on collation and identification of some medicinal plants in research institutes of South- West Nigeria. AJPP ; 4(1) : 1- 7.
25. Luckow M et Hopkins HC., 1995. A cladistic analysis of Parkia (Leguminoseae : Mimosoideae). American Journal of Botany 82 : 1300-1320pp.
26. Mukinda J.T. & Syce J.A., 2007. - Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Artemisia afrain rodents. J. Ethnopharmacol., 112: 138-144.
27. N’Dir B., Vanhentenryck F., Diop M., Hbid C., Jacques P., Cornélius C., Jacques P., Thonart P., Roblan D., 1994. Propriétés antifongiques de la microflore sporulée du nététu. Cahier Agriculture, 3 : 23-30.
28. OCDE, 2001. Lignes directrices de l’organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) pour les essais de produits chimiques n°423: toxicité orale aiguë-Méthode par classe de toxicité aiguë. 14p.
29. OCDE, 2006. Lignes directrices de l’organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) pour les essais de produits chimiques n°407 : Etude de toxicité orale à dose répétée pendant 28 jours sur les rongeurs. 14p.
30. Odetola A.A., Akinloye O., Egunjobi C., Adekunle W.A., Ayoola A.O. 2006. Possible antidiabetic and antihyperlipidamic effect of fermented Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) extrat in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 33 : 808-812.
31. Odunfa,S.A. and Oyewole,O.B.1986. Identification of Bacillus species from « iru », a fermented African locust bean product. J Basic Microbiol, 26, 101-108.
32. Olabinri B.M., Adetutu A., Olaleye M.T., Oluwafunsho B.O., Oyeniyi O.O., 2013. A study of antioxidative potentials of acetone and aqueous of Parkia biglobosa an Tetracarpidium conophorum stem barks in vitro. 369, 368-373.
33. Ouédraogo A. S., 1995. Parkia biglobosa (Leguminosae) en Afrique de l’Ouest : Biosysthématique et Amélioration. Thése doctorat Wageningen an University, Institute for Forestry and Nature Research, IBN-DLO, 205p.
34. Ouoba, L.I.I., Diawara, B., Amoa-Awua,W.K, Traoré, A.S. and Lange Moller, P. 2004. Genotyping of starter cultures of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus for fermentation of African locust bean (Parkia Biglobosa) to produce soumbala. Int J Food Microbiol 90, 197-205.
35. Osho I. B., Lajide L., 2012. Prescreening evaluation of some plant extract used in ethno-veterinary practices as anttrypanosomal agents. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 6(11) : 2056–2060.
36. Rahman M.F., Siddiqui M.K. & Jamil K., 2001. - Effects of Vepacide (Azadirachtaindica) on aspartate and alanine aminotransferase profiles in a subchronic study with rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 20: 243-249.
37. Rahman I., Biswas S. K., & Kode A., 2006. - Oxidant and antioxidant balance in the airways and airway diseases. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 533: 222-539.
38. Rasekh H. R., Nazari P., Kamli-Nejad M., Hosseinzadeh L., 2008. - Acute and subchronic oral toxicity of Galega officinalis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 116(1): 21-26.
39. Risk D., Jurkovitz C. & Veledar E., 2009. - Quality of life in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease patients not yet on dialysis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 4(3):560-566.
40. Roopashree T. V S., Raman D., Rani R. H. S. & Narendra C., 2009. - Acute oral toxicity studies of antipsoriatic herbal mixture comprising of aqueous extracts of Calendula officinalis Momordica charantia, Cassia tora and Azadirachta indica seed oil. Thai. J. Pharm. Sci., 33: 74-83.
41. Sanchez-Elsner T., Ramirez J. R, Rodriguez-Sanz F., Varela E., Bernabew C. &. Botella L. M., 2004. - A cross talk between hypoxia and TGF-beta orchestrates erythropoietin gene regulation through SPI and smads. J. Mol. Biol. 36(1): 9-24.
42. Tietz N., 1987. - Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry. Ed WB Saunders Co: Philadelphia, 3: 427p.
43. Tringali C., Spatafora C., Longo O.D. 2000. Bioactive contituents of the bark of Parkia biglobosa, Fitoterapia, 71 : 118-125.
44. Udut, E., Zhdanov V. V., Gur I., L. A., Minakova M. I. & Dygai A. M., 2005. - Mechanisms of the erythropoiesis-stimulating effect of skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) extract. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., 68: 43-45.
45. Yapo A. F., Yapi H. F., Sangaré M., Ahiboh H., Yayo E., Attoungbré H. M.-L., Edjeme A. N., Latte T., Kassi H., Sawadogo D., Monnet D., Djaman A. J., 2010. Effects of aqueous extract of leaves of Parkia biglobosa in rabbit- Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America, 1(6) : 1340 - 48.